Best Probiotics for Mood: Evidence-Based Strains That Actually Work
A science-backed look at how specific probiotic strains interact with your gut-brain axis... and what the clinical research says
There's a growing body of evidence suggesting that the state of your gut has a measurable influence on the state of your mind. The connection is neurological, immunological, and endocrine. The trillions of microorganisms in your digestive tract produce neurotransmitters, modulate inflammatory signals, and communicate with your brain through the vagus nerve in ways that directly affect how you feel from day to day.
For anyone exploring natural approaches to emotional wellbeing, this raises a genuine and important question: can the right probiotic strains actually support a better mood? The answer, increasingly, is yes—with important nuance. Not every strain works the same way, not every product delivers meaningful amounts, and the science, while promising, is still evolving. This guide covers what the peer-reviewed research actually shows about specific probiotic strains and mood, with a focus on the mechanisms behind the effects and what to realistically expect.
If you're new to this topic, it helps to start with an understanding of what the gut microbiome is and the broader relationship between gut health and mental well-being. Both provide important context for what follows.
Key Takeaways
- The gut produces roughly 90–95% of the body's serotonin. Gut bacteria directly influence this production, connecting microbiome health to mood in a concrete, measurable way.[1]
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus modulates GABA receptor expression in the brain via the vagus nerve, reducing stress-induced corticosterone and anxiety-like behaviors in animal models—the most mechanistically detailed probiotic-mood pathway discovered to date.[2]
- Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduced depression scores and altered brain activity in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial—one of the first probiotics to show measurable fMRI-confirmed changes in neural processing.[3]
- A 2024 meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (707 participants) found significant reductions in depressive symptoms in trials using strains including L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. salivarius, B. bifidum, B. lactis, B. breve, and B. longum.[4]
- Multi-strain, higher-CFU formulations showed broader reductions in anxiety-related symptoms, with strain diversity and CFU count both identified as meaningful factors.[5]
- Probiotic effects on mood are generally adjunctive, meaning they work best as part of a broader approach to gut and mental health—not as a standalone replacement for professional care.
The Gut-Brain Axis: Why Your Microbiome Shapes Your Mood
The gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication network linking your enteric nervous system—sometimes called the "second brain"—with your central nervous system. This network operates through four primary channels: the vagus nerve, the immune system, the endocrine system (particularly the HPA axis), and the metabolites produced by gut bacteria themselves.[6]
What makes this relevant to mood is the scope of what gut bacteria actually do. The gut microbiome participates in synthesizing or regulating key neurotransmitters and neuroactive compounds including serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine precursors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that influence brain function directly.[7] When this ecosystem is diverse and balanced, these signals tend to be well-regulated. When it's disrupted—by antibiotics, chronic stress, poor diet, or other factors—the downstream effects on cognition and mood can be significant.
Roughly 90–95% of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut—not the brain. Gut bacteria regulate the enterochromaffin cells responsible for this production. This single fact reframes how we should think about the relationship between digestive health and emotional wellbeing.[1]
The Microbiome-Depression Connection
Research comparing the gut microbiomes of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls consistently identifies lower levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species among those with depression—the same genera that dominate most therapeutic probiotic formulations.[8] This doesn't establish simple causality, but it reflects a consistent pattern: gut dysbiosis and mood disorders share significant overlap. Studies using fecal microbiota transplants have provided some of the strongest evidence that this relationship is causal, not merely correlational—germ-free rodents developed depressive-like behaviors following transplantation of microbiota from MDD patients, but not from healthy donors.[8]
Understanding the full science of the gut-brain axis reveals just how many physiological systems are involved—and why a multi-strain approach to probiotic supplementation makes more sense than relying on a single organism.
How Probiotics Influence Mood: The Mechanisms Behind the Science
Probiotics don't simply "boost serotonin" in a direct, pharmaceutical sense. Their influence on mood is more nuanced—and in many ways more elegant—operating through multiple converging pathways simultaneously. Understanding these mechanisms helps clarify which strains are most likely to be relevant for mood support, and why the research shows what it does.
🧠 Neurotransmitter Modulation
Select probiotic strains produce GABA and influence serotonin synthesis pathways. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species modulate enteroendocrine cells that regulate gut serotonin, and some produce GABA directly in the intestinal environment.
🔁 Vagus Nerve Signaling
The vagus nerve is the primary superhighway between the gut and the brain. Probiotic-induced changes in gut chemistry are relayed upward through vagal afferent pathways, influencing emotion-regulating brain regions including the hippocampus and amygdala.
💊 HPA Axis Regulation
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis controls cortisol release in response to stress. Certain probiotic strains have been shown to dampen HPA hyperactivity, reducing cortisol and blunting the physiological stress response over time.
🛡️ Anti-Inflammatory Action
Systemic low-grade inflammation is now recognized as a significant contributor to depression. Gut-protective probiotic strains reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-alpha, helping to break the inflammation-mood feedback loop.
🔬 BDNF Support
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor supports neuroplasticity and is often depleted in depression. Several probiotic interventions have been associated with increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus—a region central to emotional regulation and memory.
🧱 Barrier Integrity
A leaky gut allows bacterial endotoxins (LPS) to enter the bloodstream, triggering immune activation and neuroinflammation. Probiotic strains that strengthen the intestinal lining reduce this endotoxin burden and the inflammatory cascade it triggers.
The Tryptophan-Serotonin Pathway
Tryptophan is the essential amino acid precursor to serotonin. Gut bacteria regulate how much dietary tryptophan gets routed toward serotonin production versus the kynurenine pathway, which produces neuroactive metabolites associated with depression when overactivated. Several probiotic strains—including Lactobacillus plantarum—have been shown to reduce kynurenine concentrations and shift tryptophan metabolism toward serotonin production, providing a specific, measurable mechanism for their mood-related effects.[9] Supporting short-chain fatty acid production through diverse probiotic strains also amplifies this effect, since butyrate enhances the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis.
Best Probiotic Strains for Mood Support
Not every probiotic strain has been studied for mood, and not every studied strain is worth including in a supplement. What follows is a review of the strains with the strongest evidence base for mood-related outcomes—all of which are present in MicroBiome Restore's 26-strain formula.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus — The Anxiety Modulator
L. rhamnosus is arguably the most mechanistically studied probiotic strain in the context of mood and anxiety. A landmark study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences demonstrated that chronic administration of L. rhamnosus (JB-1) induced region-specific alterations in GABA receptor expression across multiple brain areas, reduced stress-induced corticosterone, and significantly decreased anxiety- and depression-like behavior in animals. Critically, these effects were absent in vagotomized animals—confirming that the vagus nerve is the primary communication route between this bacteria and the brain.[2]
Subsequent research has found that L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) increases BDNF and serotonin transporter expression, upregulates GABA receptor levels in the hippocampus and amygdala, and reduces neurodegeneration markers in stressed animals—effects comparable to several standard antidepressant compounds in the research context.[10] You can read more about the broader evidence for L. rhamnosus benefits beyond mood.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum — The Stress Reducer
B. longum NCC3001 has a particularly robust clinical record in mood research. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study published in Gastroenterology found that six weeks of daily supplementation significantly reduced depression scores in IBS patients with comorbid depression and was accompanied by measurable changes in brain activation patterns on fMRI—including reduced activity in the amygdala and frontal cortex, regions implicated in emotional reactivity and rumination.[3]
A more recent 2023 RCT in healthy adults with mild-to-moderate stress confirmed these findings in a non-clinical population: participants receiving B. longum NCC3001 for six weeks reported significantly reduced perceived stress and improved sleep quality compared to placebo. Multivariate analysis showed that reductions in stress correlated with downstream reductions in anxiety, depression, and cortisol awakening response.[11]
Lactobacillus plantarum — The Serotonin Pathway Modulator
L. plantarum has emerged as one of the most studied strains for stress and cognitive mood effects in human trials. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 111 stressed adults found that L. plantarum DR7 supplementation for 12 weeks reduced stress and anxiety symptoms, lowered cortisol, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines—while simultaneously enhancing the serotonin pathway, as evidenced by altered expression of tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes and increased 5-HT receptor expression.[12]
A separate 2023 study found that L. plantarum JYLP-326 relieved anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in college students experiencing test anxiety over 21 days, with measurable restoration of gut microbiota balance. Explore the full clinical evidence for L. plantarum.
Bifidobacterium breve — The Tryptophan Regulator
B. breve is among the Bifidobacterium strains with the most promising mood-relevant evidence. A 2022 randomized clinical trial published in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity found that B. breve CCFM1025 significantly attenuated major depression disorder symptoms via regulation of gut microbiota composition and tryptophan metabolism—one of the most direct demonstrations of a probiotic-mood mechanism in a clinical human population.[13]
Lactobacillus casei — The Stress-Cortisol Reducer
L. casei has been consistently associated with reduced psychological stress and HPA axis modulation. Studies in stressed individuals have shown that L. casei supplementation lowered salivary cortisol levels, reduced self-reported stress, and improved gut microbiota composition—characterized by increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations alongside reduced indicators of intestinal permeability.[8] Research suggests L. casei may share a GABA-mediated mechanism similar to L. rhamnosus, having been shown to produce GABA in vitro.
Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. salivarius — Broad Mood Support
A comprehensive 2024 meta-analysis published in Gut Pathogens analyzed 12 RCTs involving 707 participants. Using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the analysis found significant reductions in depressive symptoms in trials using formulas containing L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. salivarius, B. bifidum, B. lactis, B. breve, and B. longum—a list that maps closely to the strain portfolio in MicroBiome Restore's formula.[4]
For those navigating mood changes tied to hormonal shifts, see our more targeted guides on probiotics for perimenopause and the full discussion of probiotics for mental health.
Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis — Serotonin and BDNF
Streptococcus thermophilus is one of several species shown to produce serotonin precursors in the gut environment. Its presence in a diverse multi-strain formula contributes to the serotonergic support that underpins mood-relevant outcomes. Research on S. thermophilus confirms its role in the microbiome ecosystem relevant to gut-brain signaling.
Bifidobacterium infantis has been shown to increase hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and its precursor 5-HTP in animal models, while simultaneously elevating butyrate levels and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex. The full evidence base for B. infantis extends beyond mood to gut inflammation and IBS—two conditions with well-documented mood comorbidities.[8]
| Strain | Primary Mood Mechanism | Key Evidence Level |
|---|---|---|
| L. rhamnosus | GABA modulation, vagus nerve signaling, cortisol reduction | PNAS landmark study + multiple RCTs[2] |
| B. longum subsp. longum | Stress reduction, fMRI-confirmed brain activity changes | RCT + 2023 healthy adult trial[3][11] |
| L. plantarum | Serotonin pathway enhancement, cortisol reduction | Human RCT (111 adults, 12 weeks)[12] |
| B. breve | Tryptophan metabolism regulation | MDD clinical trial (2022)[13] |
| L. casei | HPA axis modulation, cortisol reduction | Stress trials, GABA production in vitro[8] |
| L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. salivarius, B. bifidum, B. lactis | Multi-pathway mood support | 2024 meta-analysis (707 participants)[4] |
| B. infantis | Serotonin precursor synthesis, BDNF elevation | Preclinical + IBS comorbidity evidence[8] |
All of These Strains. One Filler-Free Formula.
MicroBiome Restore includes every strain discussed above as part of a 26-strain, 15 billion CFU synbiotic — with no titanium dioxide, no microcrystalline cellulose, and no magnesium stearate. Just evidence-based probiotic strains in a clean pullulan capsule.
What the Clinical Research Actually Shows
The clinical evidence on probiotics and mood has grown substantially in the past five years, with a notable shift toward high-quality randomized controlled trials and systematic meta-analyses. Here's an honest summary of what the research shows—strengths, limitations, and all.
Multi-Strain Probiotics and Depression: A Stronger Signal
A 2022 randomized controlled trial published in Translational Psychiatry by Schaub et al. is one of the most rigorous human studies to date. Patients with current depressive episodes received either a high-dose, multi-strain probiotic supplement or placebo for 31 days in addition to treatment-as-usual. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores decreased significantly more in the probiotic group, and the intervention was associated with quantitative microbiome changes and neural effects—establishing a measurable impact on the MGB axis, not just a subjective report.[14]
A 2024 meta-analysis found a statistically significant decrease in depressive symptoms favoring probiotics across 7 RCTs using the BDI questionnaire — mean difference of −2.69 (95% CI: −4.22 to −1.16, p = 0.00) — in trials using formulas containing multiple Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains.[4]
Healthy Populations: Mood and Stress Reduction
The effects aren't limited to clinical depression. A 2023 Frontiers in Nutrition RCT examined the impact of a multi-strain probiotic on self-reported mood indicators, depression, and anxiety in healthy adults over six weeks, measuring serotonin, dopamine, cortisol, and C-reactive protein as biomarkers. The probiotic group showed improvements in mood-related outcomes and favorable shifts in inflammatory biomarkers compared to placebo.[15]
Separately, a recent review of psychobiotic clinical trials noted that multi-strain, higher-CFU formulations consistently showed broader reductions in anxiety-related symptoms, with CFU load emerging as a meaningful predictor of outcome—greater benefits were observed in participants with elevated baseline stress.[5]
The Prebiotics Factor: Why Fiber Matters for Mood
An often-overlooked aspect of the mood-microbiome equation is the role of prebiotic fibers in supporting the bacteria that produce neuroactive compounds. SCFAs—particularly butyrate—produced by the fermentation of prebiotic fibers by gut bacteria have direct effects on the gut-brain axis: they modulate tryptophan hydroxylase activity (boosting serotonin precursor production), support intestinal barrier integrity, and exert anti-inflammatory effects that reduce neuroinflammation.[7]
MicroBiome Restore's seven certified organic prebiotics—including Jerusalem artichoke (one of the highest natural sources of prebiotic inulin), acacia fiber, maitake mushroom, fig fruit, bladderwrack, Norwegian kelp, and oarweed—provide a diverse fermentable substrate that fuels exactly these processes. The connection between Jerusalem artichoke's inulin content and gut bacterial growth is particularly well-documented. Read our guide on the benefits of acacia fiber for gut health to understand how these prebiotics support the broader ecosystem.
Important Caveats the Research Acknowledges
Honest reporting of the science requires noting where the evidence is inconsistent. Some trials—particularly those in healthy populations with low baseline stress—have shown limited or null effects. Effect sizes across trials vary considerably, reflecting differences in strain selection, CFU counts, treatment duration, and participant characteristics. The most consistent finding is that probiotic benefits for mood are more pronounced in individuals with elevated baseline distress, depression, or gut dysbiosis.[6]
Probiotics Are Not a Replacement for Mental Health Care
The clinical research on probiotics and mood is promising, but these findings are adjunctive in nature—meaning probiotics may complement, not replace, professional care for mood disorders. If you're experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, please consult a qualified healthcare provider. The information in this article is educational and does not constitute medical advice.
What to Look for in a Probiotic for Mood Support
The probiotic market is crowded, and most products aren't formulated with mood outcomes in mind—even if they claim otherwise. Here's what the research on mood-supporting probiotics consistently identifies as meaningful.
Strain Diversity Across Both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Genera
The mood-relevant strains span both primary genera. A formula containing only Lactobacillus, or only one or two Bifidobacterium species, will cover fewer mechanistic pathways than a multi-strain formula including evidence-backed strains from both groups. The meta-analysis evidence consistently favors formulas with broader strain representation.[4]
Adequate CFU Count
Clinical trials demonstrating mood outcomes have generally used doses ranging from 1 billion to 50 billion CFU, with the most consistent benefits appearing in trials delivering at least 10 billion CFU. A 15 billion CFU multi-strain formula provides clinically relevant amounts across multiple strains simultaneously. More is not always better—strain quality and diversity matter as much as raw count.
A Filler-Free Formula
This is where many probiotic products fall short. Common inert ingredients like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide are added for manufacturing convenience—not your benefit. These additives have been associated with disruptions to gut microbiota in research settings, potentially undermining the probiotic strains they surround. Understanding how to read probiotic supplement labels to spot hidden fillers is an important skill for any informed buyer. The case for filler-free probiotics is well-documented across our research.
Prebiotic Inclusion
A synbiotic—a probiotic-prebiotic combination—provides the raw materials that mood-relevant bacteria need to thrive and produce neuroactive metabolites. Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke has been specifically studied for its effects on SCFA production and gut microbial composition, with favorable impacts on the microbiome that extend to neuroendocrine signaling pathways. Without prebiotic support, probiotic bacteria are less likely to establish and remain active long enough to produce measurable effects on the gut-brain axis.
Capsule Technology That Protects Strains
Probiotic bacteria must survive stomach acid to reach the colon, where most of the mood-relevant activity takes place. Pullulan capsules—derived from fermentation—provide a delayed-release matrix without synthetic coatings or plasticizers, and their natural prebiotic properties offer additional benefit. Our comparison of HPMC versus pullulan capsules explains why capsule material matters more than most shoppers realize.
MicroBiome Restore: Formulated for the Gut-Brain Axis
MicroBiome Restore is a 26-strain, 15 billion CFU synbiotic probiotic that includes every mood-relevant strain discussed in this article—plus 19 additional evidence-backed strains, 7 certified organic whole-food prebiotics, and a filler-free pullulan capsule. It excludes microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide. See our complete ingredient breakdown and guide to MicroBiome Restore for the full picture.
Timing, Dosage, and Realistic Expectations
Understanding the practical side of probiotic supplementation for mood helps set accurate expectations and avoid frustration. The gut-brain axis doesn't update overnight.
When to Take Your Probiotic
Research on probiotic timing for mood outcomes is less prescriptive than for digestive conditions, but the general evidence favors consistency over timing. Taking probiotics at the same time daily supports colonization. Our detailed guide on the best time to take probiotics reviews the full evidence across different health goals.
How Long Until Results?
The clinical trials that have shown measurable mood effects generally ran for four to twelve weeks. The B. longum NCC3001 stress reduction trial ran for six weeks and showed significant changes by the end of that period.[11] The L. plantarum DR7 trial ran for twelve weeks and showed progressive improvements over that window.[12] Most practitioners suggest evaluating results after eight weeks of consistent daily use before drawing conclusions. Our guide on how long probiotics take to work covers the full clinical timeline.
The Initial Adjustment Period
Some people experience temporary changes in digestion during the first one to two weeks of starting a probiotic—including mild gas, bloating, or altered stool frequency. This is a recognized and generally transient phenomenon as the gut microbiome recalibrates. It is not a sign that the product isn't working. Our article on why probiotics may temporarily increase gut symptoms explains the mechanism in detail.
What to Pair With Probiotics for Better Mood Outcomes
Probiotic supplementation doesn't work in isolation—it works best as part of a broader approach to gut and mental health. Regular physical activity, adequate sleep, reduced processed food intake, and stress management practices all independently support both gut microbiome diversity and mood. The comprehensive guide to improving gut health for mental wellbeing covers these complementary strategies alongside probiotic support. And since sleep and mood are deeply intertwined through the gut-brain axis, our dedicated article on probiotics for sleep offers additional relevant evidence on the combined gut-sleep-mood connection.
Ready to Support Your Gut-Brain Axis?
MicroBiome Restore delivers 26 clinically studied probiotic strains—including every strain reviewed in this article for mood support—along with 7 organic prebiotics and 80+ trace minerals in a filler-free pullulan capsule. No synthetic fillers. No half-measures.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can taking probiotics actually affect your mood?
Yes, according to multiple lines of evidence—though the relationship is complex and results vary by individual. Probiotic strains in the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera have demonstrated mood-relevant effects across preclinical studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. These effects appear to be mediated through the gut-brain axis via GABA and serotonin modulation, HPA axis regulation, reduced neuroinflammation, and vagus nerve signaling. The most consistent clinical benefits are seen in people with elevated baseline stress, mood symptoms, or gut dysbiosis rather than those with low baseline distress.
Why do probiotics make some people feel better?
Several mechanisms are likely at play simultaneously. Probiotics can shift tryptophan metabolism toward serotonin production, reduce intestinal permeability (and the neuroinflammatory cascade that results from "leaky gut"), dampen HPA axis hyperactivity and cortisol output, increase GABA receptor expression in mood-relevant brain areas, and elevate BDNF—a neuroprotective factor often depleted in depression. Which of these effects predominates in a given individual likely depends on their baseline gut microbiome composition and the specific stressors they're managing.
How long does it take for probiotics to improve mood?
Clinical trials have generally shown measurable mood effects at four to twelve weeks of consistent use. The Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 stress reduction trial showed significant improvements at six weeks.[11] L. plantarum DR7 trials showed progressive improvement over twelve weeks.[12] For practical purposes, evaluating at eight weeks of daily use is a reasonable benchmark before drawing conclusions about efficacy in your own case.
Should I take probiotics with GLP-1 medications?
This is an emerging question as GLP-1 agonists become more widely used. The gut microbiome is known to influence GLP-1 secretion, and some probiotic strains may support the metabolic and gut-health pathways relevant to GLP-1 therapy. However, there are no formal clinical guidelines on co-administration yet. Anyone using GLP-1 medications should consult their prescribing physician before adding any supplement.
Are multi-strain probiotics better than single-strain for mood?
The available evidence suggests that multi-strain, higher-CFU formulations show broader reductions in anxiety and mood symptoms than single-strain products.[5] This makes biological sense: the multiple converging mechanisms involved in mood modulation—GABA production, serotonin pathway support, cortisol regulation, anti-inflammatory activity—are distributed across different strain types. A formula covering multiple mood-relevant pathways is more likely to produce consistent results than one relying on a single strain. Our in-depth comparison of single-strain versus multi-strain probiotics covers this in detail.
Can probiotics help with anxiety specifically?
Yes—anxiety is one of the more consistent targets in the psychobiotic research. L. rhamnosus modulates GABA receptor expression in anxiety-relevant brain regions, and multiple human trials have documented reduced anxiety scores following probiotic supplementation.[2] Our dedicated article on probiotics for anxiety reviews the strain-specific evidence in more detail.
References
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- Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., ... & Cryan, J. F. (2011). Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(38), 16050–16055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102999108
- Pinto-Sanchez, M. I., Hall, G. B., Ghajar, K., Nardelli, A., Bolino, C., Lau, J. T., ... & Bercik, P. (2017). Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: A pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 153(2), 448–459.e8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.003
- Accettulli, A., Capozzi, V., Russo, P., Fragasso, M., & Spano, G. (2024). Strain-specific effects of probiotics on depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Gut Pathogens, 16(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00634-8
- Cheng, L., et al. (2026). Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 17, 1804560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1804560
- Ansari, F., Neshat, M., Pourjafar, H., Jafari, S. M., Samakkhah, S. A., & Mirzakhani, E. (2023). The role of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating of the gut–brain axis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1173660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1173660
- Mayer, E. A., Nance, K., & Chen, S. (2022). The gut-brain axis. Annual Review of Medicine, 73, 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-014032
- García-Cabrerizo, R., Carbia, C., O'Riordan, K. J., Schellekens, H., & Cryan, J. F. (2021). Gut-brain axis in mood disorders: A narrative review of neurobiological insights and probiotic interventions. Biomedicines, 13(8), 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081831
- Rudzki, L., Ostrowska, L., Pawlak, D., Małus, A., Pawlak, K., Waszkiewicz, N., & Szulc, A. (2019). Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 100, 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010
- Bayındır, S., & Coşar, B. (2025). Promising antidepressant potential: The role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in mental health and stress response. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10470-0
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- Tian, P., Chen, Y., Zhu, H., Wang, L., Qian, X., Zou, R., ... & Wang, Q. (2022). Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 attenuates major depressive disorder via regulating gut microbiome and tryptophan metabolism: A randomized clinical trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 100, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.001
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