How Long Does It Take for Probiotics to Work? A Science-Based Timeline
What the clinical research actually shows — week by week, condition by condition
You've started a probiotic. Maybe it's been a few days, maybe a week, and you're wondering: is this actually doing anything? It's one of the most common questions in gut health — and the honest answer is more nuanced than most supplement brands will tell you.
The timeline for probiotic results varies considerably based on what you're trying to address, which strains you're taking, and the current state of your gut microbiome. For acute digestive issues, some strains begin working measurably within 24 to 48 hours.[1] For deeper goals — like restoring microbial diversity after antibiotics, reducing chronic bloating, or supporting immune resilience — clinical trials typically show meaningful results between four and twelve weeks of consistent use.[2]
This article walks through what the peer-reviewed research actually says about probiotic timelines, condition by condition and strain by strain, so you know what to expect — and when to give it more time.
Key Takeaways
- Acute digestive issues respond fastest. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been shown to shorten the duration of infectious diarrhea by approximately one day when given early.[1]
- Bloating responds within 4 weeks. A randomized controlled trial found significant improvements in bloating severity at four weeks with a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis.[3]
- IBS requires at least 4–8 weeks. A 2023 meta-analysis of 52 trials found IBS probiotics showed measurable benefit starting at four weeks, with clinical guidelines recommending a minimum eight-week trial.[4]
- Immune benefits emerge at 8–12 weeks. A multi-strain probiotic combination significantly elevated immune markers (IFN-γ and sIgA) and reduced upper respiratory infection incidence after consistent supplementation.[5]
- Multi-strain formulas tend to outperform single strains for complex conditions, and treatment duration is a significant moderator of outcomes across meta-analyses.[6]
- Consistency matters more than dose. Missing doses disrupts colonization. Daily intake at the same time — ideally alongside food — maximizes the chance of meaningful results.
How Probiotics Begin Working in Your Body
Before discussing timelines, it helps to understand what's actually happening after you swallow a probiotic capsule. Probiotic bacteria don't simply arrive in your gut and start immediately colonizing. They face a series of biological challenges — stomach acid, bile salts, and digestive enzymes — before reaching the intestinal environment where they exert their effects.
Once probiotic bacteria reach the small and large intestine, they begin interacting with your existing microbiome through several mechanisms: competing with pathogenic bacteria for binding sites and nutrients, producing short-chain fatty acids and bacteriocins that modulate the local microbial environment, communicating with the intestinal epithelium to support barrier integrity, and activating pattern recognition receptors that influence immune signaling.[7]
What Happens Inside the Gut on Day 1
When a probiotic capsule is swallowed, survival through gastric transit depends heavily on the capsule material and the strain itself. Pullulan capsules — fermented from tapioca — offer superior moisture protection and a delayed-release profile compared to synthetic HPMC alternatives, delivering more live bacteria to the intestine. Spore-forming strains like Bacillus coagulans, B. subtilis, B. clausii, and B. licheniformis are particularly resilient; their endospores germinate in the intestinal environment, making them highly effective even under harsh transit conditions. Non-spore formers like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species rely on the capsule for protection and benefit enormously from refrigeration or microencapsulation technology.
A key distinction that affects timelines: most probiotic strains do not permanently colonize the gut in a single course of supplementation. They produce transient effects during active use, and these effects accumulate over time. Exceptions exist — notably Bifidobacterium infantis, which can persist in the infant gut for twelve months following early supplementation — but for most adults, consistent daily intake is what sustains the benefits.
This is why the most common frustration with probiotics — "I took them for a week and nothing happened" — often comes down to timing expectations, not product failure. Results for digestive regularity may come at two weeks; immune benefits typically require eight to twelve weeks of consistent use.[2]
Factors That Influence the Probiotic Timeline
Strain Selection
Different probiotic strains have profoundly different mechanisms and timelines. Lactobacillus reuteri has robust evidence for reducing acute diarrhea within one to two days.[1] Lactobacillus plantarum has been shown in network meta-analyses to rank first for improving quality of life in IBS patients, with benefits typically emerging over four to eight weeks.[6] Bacillus coagulans — a spore-forming species with unique gut resilience — showed the highest probability of being the optimal probiotic for overall IBS symptom relief in a 43-RCT network meta-analysis.[6] Strain matters enormously, and results from one strain cannot be extrapolated to another.
Your Baseline Gut Health
Someone with severe gut dysbiosis — disrupted microbiome composition from antibiotics, chronic stress, or poor diet — may experience a more pronounced adjustment period than someone with a relatively healthy gut. The more disrupted your baseline, the longer it typically takes to rebalance. Conversely, some people with significant dysbiosis report faster noticeable changes simply because there is more room for improvement. Learn more about the role of imbalance in our deep-dive on probiotics for gut dysbiosis.
CFU Count and Multi-Strain Diversity
The 2023 meta-analysis by Zhang et al. found that probiotics showed a statistically significant beneficial effect for IBS starting at a dose of 109 CFU per day or above, underscoring that dose is a meaningful variable.[4] Meanwhile, a three-level meta-analysis of 82 IBS trials found that multi-strain formulas and combination products produced broader symptom benefits than single strains in many analyses, particularly for global symptom relief.[8] The research on single vs. multi-strain probiotics consistently points to diversity as an advantage for complex and chronic conditions.
Capsule Integrity and Filler Ingredients
A factor many people overlook: the inactive ingredients in a probiotic can directly undermine it. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) — the most common filler in commercial probiotics — has been shown to affect intestinal permeability. Magnesium stearate, a ubiquitous flow agent, can coat probiotic cells and reduce their viability before they reach your gut. The premise of choosing a high-quality probiotic extends far beyond the label claim on the front. Learn how to read probiotic supplement labels to avoid hidden fillers.
Diet and Prebiotic Support
Probiotics and prebiotics work synergistically. Without adequate prebiotic fiber to feed newly introduced bacteria, colonization is transient and effects are diminished. Specific prebiotic fibers — like inulin from Jerusalem artichoke and soluble fiber from acacia — selectively feed Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, directly accelerating their establishment in the gut.
Consistency and Timing
Probiotics require consistent daily use to maintain their presence and effects. The best time to take probiotics — according to the available science — is with or immediately before a meal, when gastric pH is buffered by food and survival rates are highest.
The Probiotic Timeline: Week by Week
While individual variation is real, clinical trials provide a reliable framework for what to expect at each stage of probiotic use.
Days 1–3: Transit and Initial Interaction
Probiotic bacteria begin transiting through the gastrointestinal tract, interacting with your intestinal lining, and competing with existing microorganisms. For acute conditions — particularly infectious diarrhea — some strains produce measurable effects almost immediately. A systematic review and meta-analysis of L. reuteri DSM 17938 found that the number of children with diarrhea was significantly reduced on day 1 (RR = 0.87) and day 2 (RR = 0.61) of supplementation.[9] Some individuals report mild bloating or gas during the first few days — this is a normal sign of microbiome adjustment, not a signal to stop.
Weeks 1–2: First Noticeable Improvements
For issues like regularity, stool consistency, and basic digestive comfort, many clinical trials report early improvements in the first one to two weeks. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri found significant reduction in diarrhea duration with early probiotic intervention — defined as treatment begun within the first 60 hours of symptoms.[10] Those with antibiotic-associated diarrhea often notice gut stabilization in this window as well. For more on recovery timing after antibiotics, see our guide to probiotics after antibiotics.
Weeks 3–4: Digestive Stabilization
By week four, most people with consistent intake begin experiencing more predictable improvements in digestion. This is where several landmark RCTs have demonstrated significant change. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial found that L. acidophilus NCFM and B. lactis Bi-07 improved bloating severity at the four-week mark compared to placebo (P = 0.009), with the effect continuing to strengthen through week eight.[3] A 2023 meta-analysis of 52 IBS trials confirmed that probiotic effects on IBS symptoms become statistically significant at the four-week mark.[4]
Weeks 8–12: Deeper and Systemic Benefits
This is when the more systemic benefits — immune modulation, mood support, skin improvements, hormonal effects — typically emerge in the literature. A prospective human trial found that a multi-strain probiotic combination (including L. paracasei, L. casei, and L. fermentum) significantly elevated IFN-γ and intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) at three months, corresponding with a meaningful reduction in upper respiratory infection incidence.[5] For chronic conditions like IBS, evidence supports a full trial period of eight to twelve weeks before assessing efficacy — some multi-strain interventions showed 42% median symptom reduction at six months versus 6% in placebo groups.[11]
15 Billion CFU. 26 Strains. Zero Fillers.
MicroBiome Restore delivers research-supported Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus strains — plus 7 certified organic whole-food prebiotics — in a filler-free pullulan capsule. Every ingredient serves a purpose.
Timeline by Condition and Goal
The research on probiotic timing is highly condition-specific. The table below distills clinical evidence into practical timelines, referencing specific strains from the research literature and noting when strains relevant to the topics discussed are included in our MicroBiome Restore formula.
| Condition / Goal | Expected Timeline | Key Evidence | Strains to Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute diarrhea | 1–3 days | L. reuteri reduced diarrhea patients significantly on day 1 and day 2 (meta-analysis, 9 RCTs)[9] | L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, B. lactis |
| Bloating and gas | 3–4 weeks | Significant improvement at 4 weeks in double-blind RCT with L. acidophilus NCFM + B. lactis Bi-07[3] | L. acidophilus, B. lactis, L. plantarum |
| Constipation | 4–8 weeks | Improvements in transit time and bowel movement frequency at 8 weeks (multi-strain RCT)[3] | B. lactis, L. acidophilus, B. longum, B. bifidum |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | 4–12 weeks | Meta-analysis (52 trials, 6,289 patients): significant benefit at 4 weeks; ongoing improvement to 12+ weeks[4] | B. coagulans, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus |
| Antibiotic recovery | 1–4 weeks | LGG + S. boulardii reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea duration by approximately 1 day; microbiome restoration takes 4+ weeks[12] | L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, B. lactis, B. longum |
| Immune support | 8–12 weeks | Significant elevation of IFN-γ and sIgA at 3 months, with reduced respiratory infection rate (prospective human trial)[5] | L. fermentum, L. paracasei, L. casei, B. lactis |
| Mood and anxiety | 8+ weeks | Most gut-brain axis trials run 8–12 weeks; effects mediated through serotonin precursors and vagal nerve signaling | L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, B. longum |
| Sleep | 8–12 weeks | Improvements linked to microbiome's role in tryptophan metabolism and melatonin precursor production; most trials span 8–12 weeks | L. fermentum, L. acidophilus, B. longum |
| Infectious diarrhea (prevention) | 4–8 weeks ongoing use | Meta-analysis confirms LGG and L. reuteri most evidence-based strains for infectious diarrhea treatment[12] | L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus |
| SIBO | 4–12 weeks | Evidence emerging; spore-forming and multi-strain approaches show most consistent outcomes in available trials | B. coagulans, L. plantarum, B. clausii, B. subtilis |
| Metabolic / weight support | 8–12 weeks | Most metabolic RCTs use 8–12 week protocols; L. gasseri and multi-strain synbiotics show most consistent outcomes | L. gasseri, L. plantarum, B. lactis |
A Note on Variability
These timelines represent population-level averages from clinical trials, not individual guarantees. Your personal response will depend on your baseline gut health, diet, medications, stress levels, and the specific strains and doses in your formula. If you have a diagnosed gastrointestinal condition, work with your healthcare provider alongside any supplementation strategy.
Signs Your Probiotic Is Working
Not everyone notices dramatic changes — and that's not necessarily a sign of failure. Probiotics often work silently in the background, improving microbial diversity and strengthening barrier function before any symptoms shift. But here are the clearest clinical signals to watch for:
More Predictable Bowel Movements
A shift toward more regular, comfortable bowel movements is one of the earliest and most consistent signs. Whether your baseline was constipation, loose stools, or unpredictable urgency, normalization of transit time and stool consistency often appears in the first two to four weeks. This is one of the primary endpoints in most probiotic RCTs and among the most reliable indicators that something is shifting in the right direction.
Reduced Bloating and Gas
If you've been dealing with persistent bloating, the four-week mark is when clinical trials most consistently show a measurable difference. A key caveat: some individuals experience a temporary increase in gas in the first three to seven days as the microbiome reorganizes. This adjustment period is normal and should not be interpreted as the probiotic worsening symptoms. It typically resolves within one to two weeks.
Improved Stool Consistency
Probiotic bacteria — particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains — influence gut transit time and water absorption. Improvements in stool form (moving toward the middle of the Bristol Stool Scale) are a good indicator that colonization is progressing. Those addressing loose stools and diarrhea should see stabilization within days to one week for acute cases, and within two to four weeks for functional diarrhea.
Fewer Digestive Episodes
Reduced frequency of abdominal pain, urgency, cramping, and distension — particularly after eating — is a reliable marker at the four-to-eight-week mark for IBS and functional gut disorders. A 43-RCT network meta-analysis identified Bacillus coagulans as showing the highest probability of being the optimal probiotic for improving IBS symptom relief rate, global symptoms, abdominal pain, and bloating.[6]
Better Resistance to Illness
Approximately 70% of immune tissue is located in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Noticing fewer colds, faster recovery when sick, or reduced susceptibility to seasonal illness after eight to twelve weeks of probiotic use is consistent with the human clinical data showing elevated sIgA and IFN-γ production with sustained supplementation.[5] Read more about strains with the strongest evidence in our article on probiotics for immune health.
Shifts in Energy, Mood, or Skin
These secondary effects typically emerge later — eight weeks and beyond — and are mediated by the gut-brain axis, gut-skin axis, and the microbiome's role in nutrient absorption and inflammation. They're real and reproducible in clinical data, but they require patience. If these are your primary goals, commit to a minimum 12-week trial before evaluating outcomes. You can explore the mechanisms behind these connections in our articles on probiotics for anxiety and the gut-skin axis.
Formula Designed Around the Timeline
MicroBiome Restore was built to support all three phases of the probiotic timeline simultaneously: fast-acting spore-formers (B. coagulans, B. clausii, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus) for immediate resilience, Lactobacillus diversity for weeks 2–4 digestive stabilization, and Bifidobacterium strains for longer-term immune and metabolic support. The 7 certified organic whole-food prebiotics — including Jerusalem artichoke, acacia, and maitake mushroom — feed these bacteria throughout all phases. See the full formula here.
Signs Your Probiotic May Not Be Working
After a full trial period — four weeks for digestive issues, eight to twelve weeks for chronic or systemic concerns — a genuine lack of improvement may indicate one or more of the following issues:
Wrong Strains for Your Goals
This is the most common reason probiotics don't deliver results. A probiotic formula built around Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbrueckii (yogurt strains) will not produce the same outcomes as a formula containing clinically studied strains at therapeutic doses. A 2022 network meta-analysis found that B. coagulans was most effective for IBS overall, while L. acidophilus had the lowest incidence of adverse events among all studied strains — but a product needs to actually contain these strains in meaningful quantities to produce those results.[6] Review our guide on the top probiotic strains for gut health to understand what the evidence supports.
Insufficient CFU Count
The 2023 IBS meta-analysis confirmed that meaningful outcomes require a minimum of 109 CFU per day.[4] Many low-cost commercial probiotics list high CFU counts on the label but have poor viability by the time they reach your gut — due to manufacturing quality, storage conditions, or inadequate capsule technology.
Fillers Undermining Effectiveness
This is underappreciated but clinically meaningful. Flow agents and fillers in a probiotic formula aren't just inert padding — some have demonstrated effects on gut permeability and microbiome composition. If your probiotic contains microcrystalline cellulose, titanium dioxide, or silicates, those ingredients may be working against the bacteria you're trying to introduce. A filler-free formulation removes this variable entirely.
Inconsistent Use
Probiotic bacteria are transient in most adults — without daily replenishment, populations drop. A week of missed doses can meaningfully interrupt the colonization process, pushing back the timeline for results. If you've been taking your probiotic inconsistently, restart and commit to a full uninterrupted trial before evaluating outcomes.
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
A diet very high in ultra-processed foods, refined sugar, or alcohol, combined with poor sleep and chronic stress, can counteract probiotic benefits by promoting the very dysbiosis you're trying to resolve. Probiotics are most effective as part of a broader gut health strategy — not as a standalone fix for an otherwise inflammatory lifestyle.
How to Maximize Probiotic Effectiveness and Speed Up Results
Take Your Probiotic With Food
This is not just a label recommendation — it's mechanistically important. Food buffers gastric acid, raising stomach pH temporarily and dramatically increasing the survival rate of acid-sensitive strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Several studies have demonstrated meaningfully higher viable cell counts reaching the intestine when probiotics are taken with a meal versus on an empty stomach. For the research behind this, see our detailed breakdown of the best time to take probiotics.
Add Prebiotic Fiber to Your Diet
The organisms you introduce through supplementation need fuel. Without dietary prebiotic fiber — from whole plant foods, or from a supplement containing fibers like inulin, acacia, or resistant starch — probiotic bacteria have a reduced substrate to ferment, limiting their metabolic output and colonization potential. The synbiotic combination of probiotics plus prebiotics consistently outperforms probiotics alone in head-to-head studies. Our guide to the best prebiotics covers which fibers have the strongest evidence.
Minimize Antibiotic and NSAID Exposure Where Possible
Both antibiotics and common over-the-counter painkillers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen) disrupt gut microbiome composition. When antibiotic use is medically necessary, beginning probiotics simultaneously or as early as possible afterward can meaningfully reduce the degree of dysbiosis. The timing and strain-selection specifics are covered in our guide on recovering gut health after antibiotics.
Choose a Multi-Strain Formula With Spore Formers
The combination of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and spore-forming Bacillus species in a single formula creates a layered approach to gut health. Bacillus strains survive gastric transit without protection from a capsule, germinate in the intestine, and create a supportive environment for the more fragile Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations. This is precisely why clinical data on multi-strain formulas consistently outperforms single-species products for complex and chronic conditions.
Be Consistent for at Least 8–12 Weeks
This is the single most important variable within your control. The clinical literature is unambiguous: the longer the trial duration, the more consistent and meaningful the results. Commit to daily supplementation for a minimum of eight weeks before evaluating whether a probiotic is working for you. For systemic goals — immune health, mood, skin, hormonal balance — twelve weeks is the appropriate minimum evaluation window.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you know if probiotics are working?
The clearest early signals are changes in bowel regularity, bloating, and stool consistency — usually within two to four weeks for digestive goals. For immune, mood, or skin benefits, you're looking at eight to twelve weeks of consistent use. Keep in mind that some of the most important effects of probiotics — barrier reinforcement, microbial diversity, inflammatory modulation — are not immediately felt but are measurable in clinical studies. If you're four weeks in with no changes in digestion, evaluate your strain selection, CFU count, and capsule quality before concluding the product isn't working.
How long does it take for probiotics to repair your gut?
"Gut repair" encompasses several different biological processes on different timelines. Acute intestinal permeability improvements — tightening of the gut barrier — can begin within a few weeks with the right strains, particularly L. rhamnosus, which has been shown in laboratory models to protect and normalize tight junction proteins directly.[13] Meaningful restoration of microbial diversity after antibiotic-associated disruption typically takes four to eight weeks of targeted supplementation. Structural recovery from chronic inflammation or dysbiosis is a longer process measured in months, not weeks. Explore the evidence on probiotics for leaky gut.
What happens in the first week of taking probiotics?
In the first week, probiotic bacteria are surviving gastric transit, reaching the intestine, and beginning to interact with your existing microbiome. Some individuals notice mild changes in gas or stool frequency — this is the gut adjusting and is normal. For acute diarrhea, the first week often shows the most dramatic effects. For chronic conditions, the first week is largely a setup phase; meaningful symptom changes typically emerge at weeks two through four.
Should I avoid probiotics if I have SIBO?
This is a nuanced question. Traditional guidance was cautious about probiotics in SIBO because of concerns about adding bacteria to an already over-populated small intestine. More recent evidence suggests that certain strains — particularly spore-forming Bacillus species and soil-based organisms — may actually help normalize the microbial environment in SIBO patients. Probiotics containing L. plantarum have shown potential in modulating the dysbiotic bacterial patterns associated with SIBO. Our detailed breakdown of evidence-based probiotics for SIBO covers the current research. Always discuss with your healthcare provider before beginning probiotics if you have a confirmed SIBO diagnosis.
Do more CFU mean faster results?
Not necessarily. The 2022 IBS network meta-analysis found no significant differences between participants using different doses of probiotics in most outcomes, while treatment length was the significant variable for abdominal pain and straining.[6] What matters more than raw CFU count is strain specificity for your condition, viability of those strains at the time of ingestion, and consistency of use. A 15 billion CFU multi-strain formula with evidence-backed strains in a protective capsule will outperform a 50 billion CFU formula with poor viability and inappropriate strain selection.
Can I take probiotics long-term?
Yes. Probiotics have been studied in long-term trials without safety concerns in healthy adults. The multi-strain combination data from six-month IBS trials showed sustained and even strengthening benefits over time compared to placebo.[11] Long-term use is particularly appropriate when your dietary fiber intake is lower than ideal or when lifestyle factors (stress, travel, occasional antibiotic use) make ongoing microbiome support valuable.
Setting Realistic Expectations — and Committing to the Timeline
Probiotics are not fast-acting supplements in the pharmaceutical sense. They are living microorganisms working within a complex, dynamic biological ecosystem. The research is clear: meaningful results require the right strains at adequate doses, taken consistently over a sufficient period of time — and that timeline varies significantly by what you're trying to achieve.
For acute digestive crises, clinical-grade strains like L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus begin working within one to three days. For bloating and regularity, expect two to four weeks. For IBS and chronic digestive patterns, commit to eight to twelve weeks. For immune, mood, skin, and metabolic goals, the evidence points to three months of consistent daily use before evaluating outcomes.
The most common reason probiotics fail to deliver on their potential isn't the concept — it's the formula. A product containing strains without clinical relevance to your condition, in a capsule loaded with MCC and flow agents, at a CFU count that doesn't survive transit, simply won't produce what the research promises. Explore our complete breakdown of what makes MicroBiome Restore different — or see how filler-free probiotics benefit gut health compared to conventional formulations.
26 Strains. Every Phase of the Timeline Covered.
MicroBiome Restore brings together fast-acting spore formers, Lactobacillus diversity for digestive stabilization, and Bifidobacterium strains for long-term immune and systemic support — all in a filler-free pullulan capsule with 15 billion CFU and 7 certified organic whole-food prebiotics. No microcrystalline cellulose. No magnesium stearate. No titanium dioxide.
References
- Szajewska, H., & Mrukowicz, J. Z. (2001). Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 33(Suppl 2), S17–S25. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200110002-00004
- Wilkins, T., & Sequoia, J. (2017). Probiotics for gastrointestinal conditions: A summary of the evidence. American Family Physician, 96(3), 170–178. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p170.html
- Ringel-Kulka, T., Palsson, O. S., Maier, D., Carroll, I., Galanko, J. A., Leyer, G., & Ringel, Y. (2011). Probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 versus placebo for the symptoms of bloating in patients with functional bowel disorders: a double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 45(6), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31820ca4d6
- Zhang, W. X., Shi, L. B., Zhou, M. S., Wu, J., & Shi, H. Y. (2023). Efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 72(9). https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001758
- Zhang, H., Yeh, C., Jin, Z., Ding, L., Liu, B. Y., Zhang, L., & Dannelly, H. K. (2018). Prospective study of probiotic supplementation results in immune stimulation and improvement of upper respiratory infection rate. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 3(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2018.03.001
- Zhang, T., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Sun, F., & Duan, L. (2022). Efficacy of probiotics for irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 859967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.859967
- Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells, 12(1), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010184
- Goodoory, V. C., Khasawneh, M., Black, C. J., Quigley, E. M. M., Moayyedi, P., & Ford, A. C. (2023). Efficacy of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 165(5), 1206–1218. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.018
- Liu, Y., Li, Q., Chen, Y., & Huang, X. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis: the therapeutic and preventive effect of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 addition in children with diarrhea. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08266-0
- Niault, M., & Nion-Larmurier, I. (2002). Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains on acute diarrhea in a cohort of nonhospitalized children attending day-care centers. Acta Paediatrica, 91(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01659.x
- Kajander, K., Hatakka, K., Poussa, T., Färkkilä, M., & Korpela, R. (2005). A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 22(5), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02579.x
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